In this post, you will find an explanation of attention and behavior concerns that interfere with independence in self feeding and resulting meal time problems with kids. What might look like extreme picky eating can be a variety of issues, including attention or behaviour considerations.
Attention and behavior during meal time functional skills are a vital importance to independence with independence in self-feeding. The child with cognitive impairments or unsatisfied sensory needs can impact attention and focus leading to safety concerns, decreased independence, or limited coordination and functional ability to self-feed. Behaviors can result in intentional or unintentional feeding difficulties.
The child who is limited in sustained attention or the child who is distracted by sensory needs or interference may be overwhelmingly unable to attend to feeding tasks. Likewise, children with behavioral tendencies may be seeing a satisfaction of other needs that therefore interferes with independence in self-feeding.
When attention of behaviors are impaired, there are many resulting problems that interfere with safety and independence during meals:
- Impulsivity
- Decreased concentration
- Impaired memory
- Poor judgement
- Impaired direction following
- Decreased initiation
- Poor self-monitoring
- Perseveration
- Disorientation
- Impaired problem solving
- Slow or inefficient processing
- Confusion
When a child presents with these problem areas, they have an impact on meal time. Development of self-feeding is often times delayed and parents seek answers to help their child feed them selves independently. The peaceful meal time is a sought after experience given that meal times are a time for conversation, reflection, and satisfaction. When behaviors or attention limit a child’s ability to self- feed, the meal time can then become focused on safety or become a stressful situation.
Other times, meals are a quick operation that needs to be completed in a timely manner in order to allow families to move on to the day’s activities. In these situations, meals need to be efficient and energizing.
In both scenarios, a child with meal time problems secondary to attention and behavior can effect the family dynamic.
meals Depend on attention and behavior?
- Tool use to hold utensils effectively or appropriately
- Eye-hand coordination to scoop, poke, and cut food
- Eye-hand coordination to bring utensils to the mouth without getting distracted
- Bilateral coordination to hold and use a knife and fork at the same time
- Lip closure to maintain mouth closure on a straw while sucking and while chewing
- Swallow control to initiate food propulsion
- Rhythm of swallow and breath
- Rate of eating/drinking
- Ability to keep food in the mouth
- Ability to tongue sweep to clear the mouth between bites
- Visual attention (may be a concern for clients with a strong preference to one side)
- Sensory needs that interfere with seating, including wiggling or fidgeting during meals
- Food refusal
- Playing in food, moving food around on plate, hiding food, throwing food
- Eating only certain foods
- Standing up to eat
- Dropping utensils/spilling food or drink
- Fidgeting and wiggling at the table
- Talking with mouth full of food
Each of the above problem areas are concerns that may be a result of attention and behavioral issues. these patterns assume a typical oral motor and pharyngeal motor development.
The sensory variances related to attention provide distractors that interfere with attention and behavior during meal time. In many of the examples listed above, the sensory needs or preferences of the child may impact meal time attention and behavior. Strategies to address sensory-based attention and behavior concerns should address the child’s sensory needs prior to and during meal time.
How to help kids pay attention during meals
There are suggested interventions that can help children with attention and behavior problems during meal time:
- Orientation to time/place/person
- Structured environment (such as a quiet room)
- Redirection to the task
- Allow for extra time during meals
- Provide visual, verbal, and physical cues: These might include modeling, gestures, imitation, and cue cards.
- Elimination of distractions
- Limited number of choices
- Offer one food at a time
- Use simple and concise language
- Consider meal times and medication times
- Provide respect for food preferences
- Bright colors or high visual contrast for place settings
- Shiny utensils/dull colored utensils
- Provide the biggest meal at various times- Typically dinner is the largest meal of the day in the US. Try providing more at breakfast or lunch and a smaller meal for dinner.
- Clearly established mealtime rules and expectations
- Expect that food will spill, messes will happen, and kids will not always be hungry.
- Request school lunches have accommodations added to the IEP if needed.
- Offer a routine such as a prayer before meals for kids
Sometimes a simple visual or physical cue can help with strategies intended to help kids hold the spoon or fork correctly. These are a few different visual and physical cues that can help kids boost attention while eating. There are many adapted utensils out there (Read more on Your Kids OT’s post today) that can help with attention during meals. Try these DIY versions:
Attention for safety with feeding utensils
For some individuals, it is necessary to provide visual or verbal cues to help kids Hold a fork and spoon, or knife.
Here are some visual supports to promote safety during mealtimes:
For these ideas, I added a few different prompts right onto the spoons: a sticker, a pipe cleaner wrapped around the spoon, a bit of modelling clay, or a couple of rubber bands are inexpensive ways to bring the child’s attention to help with just one concern that attention may impact during self-feeding.
It is important to remember that this list of suggested strategies does not include all interventions that may help kids with attention and behavior problems and resulting difficulties during meal times.
Knowing that every child is drastically different with temperament, environment, likes/dislikes, sensory needs, cognitive level, and motor skill, there are myriad interventions that can work to address needs.
What works for one child may not work for another. The trick with attention and behavior needs to to try one strategy and then another, sometimes in combination, to meet the needs of the child.
Consult an Occupational Therapist for best intervention strategies and plan of action for your child.
More tools for addressing attention needs in kids
The Attention and Sensory Workbook can be a way to do just that.
The Attention and Sensory Workbook is a free printable resource for parents, teachers, and therapists. It is a printable workbook and includes so much information on the connection between attention and sensory needs.
Here’s what you can find in the Attention and Sensory Workbook:
- Includes information on boosting attention through the senses
- Discusses how sensory and learning are connected
- Provides movement and sensory motor activity ideas
- Includes workbook pages for creating movement and sensory strategies to improve attention
A little more about the Attention and Sensory Workbook:
Sensory processing is the ability to register, screen, organize, and interpret information from our senses and the environment. This process allows us to filter out some unnecessary information so that we can attend to what is important. Kids with sensory challenges often time have difficulty with attention as a result.
It’s been found that there is a co-morbidity of 40-60% of ADHD and Sensory Processing Disorder. This workbook is an actionable guide to help teachers, therapists, and parents to help kids boost attention and focus in the classroom by mastering sensory processing needs.
You will find information on the sensory system and how it impacts attention and learning. There are step-by-step strategies for improving focus, and sensory-based tips and tricks that will benefit the whole classroom.
The workbook provides tactics to address attention and sensory processing as a combined strategy and overall function. There are charts for activities, forms for assessment of impact, workbook pages for accommodations, and sensory strategy forms.
Colleen Beck, OTR/L has been an occupational therapist since 2000, working in school-based, hand therapy, outpatient peds, EI, and SNF. Colleen created The OT Toolbox to inspire therapists, teachers, and parents with easy and fun tools to help children thrive. Read her story about going from an OT making $3/hour (after paying for kids’ childcare) to a full-time OT resource creator for millions of readers. Want to collaborate? Send an email to contact@theottoolbox.com.
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